Monday, May 26, 2008

Rice Fact File

Origin—Domesticated in Africa (Oryza glaberrima) and Asia (Oryza sativa). Several centres of origin have been proposed for O. sativa, including India and northern Thailand. Evidence points to the Yangzi Valley in southern China as one site of origin for domesticated rice.

Botany—Rice is a grass (Gramineae) and belongs to the genus Oryza (meaning oriental). Oryza sativa is grown in a wide range of environments from the equatorial tropics to sub tropical mid-latitudes, from lowland paddy fields to high altitude terraces, and from swamps toupland rice fields.

Cultivars—Since the introduction of modern varieties in the 1960s, most paddy rice farmers cultivate short straw, nitrogen (N)-responsive varieties with multiple pest resistance. Local varieties are more common in upland, rainfed, and deep-water rice environments. Improved germplasm for some of these environments is now available.

Harvest part—In upland rice fields, the ripe panicle is removed with a special knife concealed in the palm of the harvester’s hand, and straw is left standing. In paddy rice fields, rice is harvested with a sickle or mechanical harvester, and the panicle together with a portion of the stem is removed. The amount of stem removed depends on the threshing method used and farmer requirement for straw as livestock bedding, fuel or mulch.

Life cycle—The growing season of some traditional varieties is about 260 days, but is between 90 to 110 days for most modern varieties. Shortening the growing season is a key factor in increasing cropping intensity (crops/ha/yr). Crop maturation is extended under conditions where phosphorus (P) or other nutrients are deficient.

Maximum yield—At present, the genetic yield barrier for inbred varieties in irrigated rice systems is about 10 t/ha. Under best management practices in favourable environments, farmers are able to achieve yields of greater than 8 t/ha. To meet future food demand, short duration varieties with a yield potential of 15 t/ha will be required. Some researchers argue that the rice plant’s radiation conversion factor of 2.6 to 2.9 g/MJ (megajoule) may not be sufficient to reach such yields. The possibility of incorporating C4 plant physiological characteristics into rice to increase yield potential is presently under consideration.

Nutrient removal—Nutrient balance is strongly affected by straw management.
Straw contains more than 85 percent of the potassium (K) contained in the above-ground biomass. Thus, much greater amounts of K must be applied to maintain the soil supply where straw is removed from the field. Removal of N and P is mostly associated with grain harvest.

Micronutrient requirements—Rice often requires zinc (Zn) in alkaline soils and soils containing very large concentrations of organic matter. Copper (Cu) is usually required to prevent male sterility in rice grown on peat soils.

Fertilizer nutrient recovery efficiency—In irrigated lowland rice fields with good crop management and grain yields of 5 to 7 t/ha, typical fertilizer recovery efficiencies are 30 to 60 percent for N, 10 to 35 percent for P, and 15 to 65 percent for K. Recovery efficiency for N and K is strongly influenced by splitting and timing of fertilizer applications.

Planting density and canopy management—Optimal planting density depends on the crop establishment method and variety (tillering capacity).
In transplanted rice, a plant spacing of 0.2 x 0.2 m gives 250,000 hills/ha. In direct seeded paddy rice, rates range from 60 to 80 kg seed/ha. In upland rice, seed is dibbled into evenly spaced planting points, and seed rates are lower, ranging from 30 to 35 kg/ha. Excessive early canopy development (seeding/transplanting to early tillering) may result in a very leafy canopy that is more susceptible to pest and disease infestation. Proper splitting and timing of N fertilizer applications are required to produce an optimal canopy without incurring pest and disease damage.

Climatic requirements—In paddy rice, maximum yields are obtained in the dry season, when cloud cover is less and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) is greater than during the wet season. In irrigated rice, rainfall is not important, provided the irrigation water supply is reliable and sufficient in quantity. In rainfed and upland rice, rainfall is a major yield determinant, particularly in coarse textured soils with poor water retention.

Soil requirements—In upland and rainfed rice, soil structure and fertility are major yield determinants because the amount of mineral fertilizer used is often small. In irrigated rice, soil structure is deliberately destroyed during land preparation. The effect of flooding generally improves nutrient availability and reduces the effects of very alkaline or acid soil conditions on plant growth that occurs under aerobic conditions. In high yielding environments where modern varieties are used, the difference between the soil’s indigenous nutrient supply and crop nutrient demand must be provided in the form of mineral fertilizer.

Source: Better Crop International

Tuesday, May 20, 2008

Mira Ingin Film Laskar Pelangi Bernilai Memuaskan Plus

JAKARTA,SENIN - Penggarapan film Laskar Pelangi, yang diangkat dari novel karya Andrea Hirata akan dilakukan pada 25 Mei. Mengandalkan kemampuan sutradara Riri Riza, Mira Lesmana, sang produser, berharap film ini lebih dari sekadar memuaskan para fans novelnya untuk melihat film serupa dengan cerita dalam novelnya.

"Novel dan film itu medium berbeda. Mengangkat novel Laskar Pelangi ke layar lebar, saya ingin memastikan bahwa film jadi suatu kekuatan yang harus kita pakai untuk mengembangkan novelnya. Orang berharap ada sesuatu yang plus di film dan Riri memiliki idealismenya sendiri," tukas Mira dalam acara press briefing film Laskar Pelangi di Jakarta, Senin (19/5).

Film yang akan menghabiskan biaya sebesar Rp 7 miliar ini memang mendatangkan kebahagiaan tersendiri pada Mira Lesmana selaku produseri. Mira mengaku, sejak novel itu terbit 2004, baru dua tahun terakhir ia memikirkannya dengan serius.

"Aku dikasih bukunya tahun 2005 oleh Mas Kris dari Bentang, tapi waktu itu aku lagi sibuk sama Soe Hok Gie. Baru pas tahun 2006 dikasih tahu Mizan, kalaupun Laskar Pelangi mau difilmkan, lebih baik Miles yang megang, menurut mereka," ujar Mira Lesmana dalam acara yang juga dihadiri Andrea Hirata dan para aktris dan aktor pendukung film ini..

Miles Production juga memanfaatkan acara press briefing ini untuk mengadakan syukuran sebelum dimulainya syuting di Belitong, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Syukuran ditandai dengan pemotongan tumpeng oleh Mira dan Riri Riza juga disaksikan oleh aktris dan aktor pendukung Laskar Pelangi, di antaranya Cut Mini, Slamet Rahardjo, Ikranegara, Alex Komang, Mathias Muchus, Teuku Rifnu, Aryo Bayu dan penulis novel, Andrea Hirata.

Aktor dan sutradara senior Slamet Rahardjo didaulat untuk memimpin renungan singkat dalam suasana hening. renungan tersebut secara khusus ditujukan untuk mengenang kepergian salah satu aktor senior Indonesia, Sophan Sophian, yang meninggal pada 17 Mei lalu.

Saat itu Cut Mini, yang kebagian peran tokoh Ibu Guru Mus, yang sangat sabar dan penuh pengertian terlihat sempat menitikkan air mata. Cut Mini mengaku sangat bersyukur dipercaya memerankan tokoh mulia seperti Ibu Mus.

"Saya juga ingin segera bertemu dengan sepuluh anak saya (pemeran anak asli Belitong). Saya merindukan mereka yang lucu-lucu. Saya mengucapkan terima kasih, terima kasih untuk semua pihak yang mengajak saya terlibat. Rasa bangga saya tidak bisa dikatakan," tukas Mini sambil terisak.

Film yang dibiayai oleh "B" Edutainment dan Ikatan Alumni Universitas Indonesia (Iluni UI) ini rencananya akan beredar di bioskop seluruh Indonesia pada liburan Lebaran mendatang.

LIN

Sumber: Kompas

Tuesday, May 13, 2008

TV Streaming Indonesia

Indonesian TV Streaming (RCTI, Trans TV, SCTV, Metro TV, Trans 7)

Do you want to watch Indonesian TV but you live in outside Indonesia?... Now, you can enjoy Indonesian TV programs with live streaming TV. Anyway you can still watch Indonesian TV with indline.

Beside that In many Indonesian forum, some people find how to watch Indonesian TV channel via internet. Some many ways to watch Indonesian TV online. For Metro TV and Trans TV You can watch Indonesian TV channel with Windows media player.
You can open url below to watch metro or Trans TV:

Metro TV
mms://202.171.25.216/metro

Trans TV
mms://202.171.25.216/transtv

If you want to watch RCTI and SCTV you need using Real player. After you install Real player you can open url below:

SCTV
rtsp://202.58.181.185/broadcast/sctv
RCTI
rtsp://202.58.181.185/broadcast/rcti

Other way to watch Indonesian TV, you can go to http://www.imediabiz.tv/ . On that sites you can watch Jaktv, RCTI, SCTV, Trans 7, Metro TV, Trans TV and
Indosiar. This blog is not affiliated with that url and maybe you will get low quality sound and picture. Sometimes it can't work. But I think you must try it yourself.


Get your player:

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